Exchange between the Three Bronze Civilizations
In the starry sky of human civilization, there are several particularly bright spots, marking significant and unique glorious moments in human history. Among them, the bronze civilization shining deep in the starry sky is a highlight of early civilization, and humanity has thus embarked on the path of metal civilization. In the late 4000 BC, the crescent in the eastern Mediterranean took the lead in entering the Bronze Age. In the next two thousand years, most regions of the human world completed this process and created their own bronze civilizations. It should be noted that bronze ware appeared relatively late and underdeveloped in the Americas, Oceania, and central and southern Africa, and did not form a true bronze civilization.
The three major bronze civilizations have significant differences in core artifacts, casting techniques, and other aspects, so they can be referred to as the three forms (or modes) of bronze civilization. It should be noted that these three bronze civilizations are not completely separated geographically. In their interlaced regions, they often have the characteristics of more than two bronze civilizations, such as Southeast Europe, North and South Caucasus, Iranian plateau, South Central Asia, Indus River Basin, and northern China. Moreover, each bronze civilization has a certain number of representative artifacts from other civilizations, such as a certain number of bronze weapons, tools, and containers in the Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Civilization, some bronze statues and containers in the Eurasian Grassland Bronze Civilization, and a certain number of bronze weapons, tools, and a small number of human figures in the Chinese Bronze Civilization. In addition, due to the vast territory, there are certain differences within each bronze civilization, and the farther they are apart, the greater the differences.
There is mutual exchange and reference among the three major bronze civilizations. There is still a lack of evidence of direct exchange between China and the Eastern Mediterranean bronze civilization, but there is extensive indirect exchange. The link of exchange is the grassland bronze civilization spanning the northern part of the Eurasian continent. It is under the influence of this bond that the world system of bronze civilization has been formed.
The communication between the three major bronze civilizations is bidirectional, with both transmission from west to east and from north to south, as well as transmission from east to west and from south to north. This kind of communication is often not completed overnight, especially long-distance communication, which usually involves short distance exchanges such as long-term trade, war, migration, etc. In addition, due to factors such as natural environment, resource status, way of life, cultural tradition, etc., some bronze elements such as seals, Talisman, double edged axes, containers, daggers, halberds, battle axes, Lost-wax casting method, and composite model casting method are mostly spread in short distance, while elements with strong adaptability such as axes, swords, spears, knives, arrowheads, sticks, pole headwear, chariots and horses are spread in long distance in the eastern Mediterranean A large number of discoveries have been made on the Eurasian grasslands and in China, indicating the extensive exchange and technological reference between the three major bronze civilizations.
The bronze civilization of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea invented the bronze smelting and casting technology that changed the process of human history, thus human beings bid farewell to the Stone Age and entered the Bronze Age. The bronze civilization of the Eurasian grassland spread this Technical communication to the vast Eurasian continent, and created a bronze civilization with its own characteristics. Against this backdrop, Chinese bronze civilization inherits the cultural heritage of the Longshan era, extensively draws on and absorbs the achievements of surrounding civilizations, continuously expands cultural roots, and strengthens cultural roots, making important contributions to the continuation of China's 5000 year civilization and the development of world bronze civilization.
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