Bronze Civilization on the Eurasian Grassland Represented by Weapons
Starting from Carpathian Mountains in the west and ending in Northeast China in the east, the Eurasian grassland stretches for thousands of kilometers from east to west. There are some differences in the internal geographical environment and natural conditions, and there are also some differences in its bronze culture. It can roughly be divided into Ural Mountains and Altar Mount Taishan Mountains. From west to east, it can be divided into three subregions: Eastern Europe, South Siberia Central Asia, and North China Mongolian Plateau.
There are some differences in the types and shapes of bronzes in the three subregions, such as the popular double edged battle axes, horizontal hole battle axes, and plate axes in Eastern Europe, the popular bow backed sabres, hook spear, trumpet shaped earrings in South Siberia Central Asia, and the popular tube axes, bell shaped sabres, and bell shaped swords in northern China Mongolian Plateau. However, the commonalities are more obvious, such as the highly developed weapons, common tools and decorations, and the popularity of horse harnesses and accessories in the later period, as well as animal decorative art; In terms of casting methods, they are also relatively similar. Weapons, tools, and decorations are often cast using simple double mold casting, supplemented by forging and welding.
There are three main types of bronze axes: plate axe, horizontal hole axe, and vertical hole axe. There are also types with local characteristics such as double-edged axe, hammer axe, crane mouth axe, and tube hole axe. The horizontal hole axe, double edged axe, crane beaked axe, and tube hole axe are mostly weapons. The board axe can be used as both a weapon and a tool, while the vertical hole axe is mostly a tool. Bronze swords have different lengths, with short swords popular in the early stages and long swords popular in the later stages; The forms of the sword head are very diverse, mainly including animal head, mushroom head, ring head, bird head, T-shaped head, and other forms. There are also a variety of bronze knives, most of which are cutting knives. Occasionally, large machetes are seen, with the former being mostly tools and the latter being weapons or ceremonial tools. Horseports, plaques, and badges were mainly popular on the Eurasian grasslands during the nomadic era, with badges being the only widely popular bronze container on the Eurasian grasslands.
Overall, the bronze civilization of the Eurasian grassland experienced a gradual development process from west to east. In the early and mid 3000 BC, bronze casting technology was mainly spread in the western part of the Eurasian grasslands around the Black Sea, and gradually spread eastward to the southern Siberian Central Asian region. In the early and mid 2000s BC, the bronze civilization in the central and western regions of the Eurasian grasslands entered a prosperous period, and the eastern bronze civilization began to rise. In the early and middle 1000 BC, the Eurasian steppe gradually entered the Iron Age and the nomadic era, and the bronze civilization of the steppe then bloomed its final afterglow.
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