An in-depth study of Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng
About its production technology
Acoustic design
The key to making Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng a bronze musical bell lies in the proper use of alloy materials. On the basis of scientific proportioning, the casting technology of "composite ceramic model", the investment molding method of lead tin as the mold material, the reasonable design of the wall thickness, the setting of the sound ridge in the drum bell cavity, and the sophisticated heat treatment technology have made the casting form a "closed tile shape", producing double sound zones, forming a "Optical cavity", and realizing the relief decoration of the bell, Thus, it plays a load role in the vibration zone where it is located, achieving accelerated high-frequency attenuation, and helping the chime enter steady-state vibration.
Through the test and analysis of all the geometric dimensions of Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng, it is found that the geometric dimensions of each bell strictly follow a certain mathematical logic relationship. For a certain clock, as long as one of the main dimensions is determined, the remaining dimensions can be calculated, and the size of the bell body is closely related to the acoustic properties of the chime. For example, by analyzing the relationship between the first fundamental frequency of a chime clock and its milling length, it can be seen that the fundamental frequency changes with milling length and is clearly divided into three regions: low frequency, medium frequency, and high frequency. There is also an internal connection between the thickness of the bell body and the milling length. If the milling length of a certain two bells is the same, the vibration frequency of the bell can be changed by adjusting the thickness of the bell body; At a fixed frequency, the thickness of the clock can be limited and the milling length can also be changed.
According to the determination, the composition of Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng alloy is 12.49% -14.46% tin, 1% -3% lead, and the rest is copper and a small amount of impurities. After testing and comparison, casting experts believe that the composition of this alloy has a scientific and reasonable relationship with its acoustic properties. When the tin content is below 13%, the tone is monotonous and sharp; When the tin content is between 13% and 16%, the sound is plump and pleasant to the ear. But the higher the tin content, the more brittle the bronze, and the more easily the bell is broken. The presence and amount of lead are also important. Lead can prevent the transmission of bell sounds and accelerate their attenuation, which is beneficial for performance. Without adding lead, the bell's sound decays slowly and the music is disturbed. The Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng contains lead, which can not only prevent the transmission of bell sounds, but also not affect the timbre of the Bianzhong.
Metallurgical Casting Technology
Metallurgical casting technology reflected in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng was a peak of scientific development in the 5th century BC BC. The casting of chimes reflects the level of fan casting technology during the pre Qin period in China. It is cast using the method of casting and dividing, using techniques such as copper welding, casting and inlaying, and gold inlaying, as well as decorative techniques such as round carving, relief carving, yin carving, and painting.
The complete set of Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng consists of button bell and Yong bell. The button clock is relatively simple to make and is made of double-sided mold casting. The production of Yongzhong requires a high level of precision, using a split mold casting process. According to the research of scholars such as Hua Juemin, the casting process of a Yongzhong requires the following steps: molding the bell according to the design intent, making a semi closed tile shaped bell mold using clay as a reference, marking and engraving characters on the mold; The decorative patterns of each part of the clock body must be separately divided into patterns using a box, and then combined to form. Local patterns must also be formed using a mold; The part of the mold must be made separately and inserted into the mold; The bell body and the clay core of the inner part are both turned over with a core box, and then trimmed, gates, and exhaust holes are opened on the core. In this way, a casting mold for a bell, taking the first bell of the third group in the middle layer as an example, requires a total of 126 pieces of fan and core. Such a complex process would never have achieved the desired effect without the skilled mastery and application of the parting and joint casting technology by the craftsman. The casting process of Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng shows scientific and systematic rational knowledge. Unfortunately, this kind of knowledge has never been able to develop independently from the Ritual and music system.
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